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Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with complex symptoms dominated by progressive motor dysfunction. Skeletal muscle atrophy is common in HD patients. Because the HD mutation is expressed in skeletal muscle as well as brain, we wondered whether the muscle changes arise from primary pathology. We used R6/2 transgenic mice for our studies. Unlike denervation atrophy, skeletal muscle atrophy in R6/2 mice occurs uniformly. Paradoxically however, skeletal muscles show age-dependent denervation-like abnormalities, including supersensitivity to acetylcholine, decreased sensitivity to mu-conotoxin, and anode-break action potentials. Morphological abnormalities of neuromuscular junctions are also present, particularly in older R6/2 mice. Severely affected R6/2 mice show a progressive increase in the number of motor endplates that fail to respond to nerve stimulation. Surprisingly, there was no constitutive sprouting of motor neurons in R6/2 muscles, even in severely atrophic muscles that showed other denervation-like characteristics. In fact, there was an age-dependent loss of regenerative capacity of motor neurons in R6/2 mice. Because muscle fibers appear to be released from the activity-dependent cues that regulate membrane properties and muscle size, and motor axons and nerve terminals become impaired in their capacity to release neurotransmitter and to respond to stimuli that normally evoke sprouting and adaptive reinnervation, we speculate that in these mice there is a progressive dissociation of trophic signalling between motor neurons and skeletal muscle. However, irrespective of the cause, the abnormalities at neuromuscular junctions we report here are likely to contribute to the pathological phenotype in R6/2 mice, particularly in late stages of the disease.

Original publication

DOI

10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03783.x

Type

Journal article

Journal

Eur J Neurosci

Publication Date

12/2004

Volume

20

Pages

3092 - 3114

Keywords

Acetylcholine, Age Factors, Animals, Atropine, Bungarotoxins, Calcium Channel Blockers, Cholinesterases, Conotoxins, Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase, Disease Models, Animal, Electric Stimulation, Electromyography, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Huntington Disease, Lordosis, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, Membrane Potentials, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Muscarinic Antagonists, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Muscle, Skeletal, Mutation, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Neurofilament Proteins, Neuromuscular Junction, S100 Proteins, Time Factors, Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion, Ubiquitin