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Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV) causes severe epidemic encephalitis across Asia, for which the live attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2 is being used increasingly. JEV is a flavivirus, and is closely related to dengue virus (DENV), which is co-endemic in many parts of Asia, with clinically relevant interactions. There is no information on the human T cell response to SA14-14-2, or whether responses to SA14-14-2 cross-react with DENV. We used live attenuated JE vaccine SA14-14-2 as a model for studying T cell responses to JEV infection in adults, and to determine whether these T cell responses are cross-reactive with DENV, and other flaviviruses.We conducted a single arm, open label clinical trial (registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT01656200) to study T cell responses to SA14-14-2 in adults in South India, an area endemic for JE and dengue.Ten out of 16 (62.5%) participants seroconverted to JEV SA14-14-2, and geometric mean neutralising antibody (NAb) titre was 18.5. Proliferation responses were commonly present before vaccination in the absence of NAb, indicating a likely high degree of previous flavivirus exposure. Thirteen of 15 (87%) participants made T cell interferon-gamma (IFNγ) responses against JEV proteins. In four subjects tested, at least some T cell epitopes mapped cross-reacted with DENV and other flaviviruses.JEV SA14-14-2 was more immunogenic for T cell IFNγ than for NAb in adults in this JE/DENV co-endemic area. The proliferation positive, NAb negative combination may represent a new marker of long term immunity/exposure to JE. T cell responses can cross-react between JE vaccine and DENV in a co-endemic area, illustrating a need for greater knowledge on such responses to inform the development of next-generation vaccines effective against both diseases.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01656200).

Original publication

DOI

10.1371/journal.pntd.0005263

Type

Journal article

Journal

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Publication Date

30/01/2017

Volume

11

Pages

e0005263 - e0005263

Addresses

Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Keywords

T-Lymphocytes, Animals, Humans, Dengue Virus, Encephalitis Virus, Japanese, Dengue, Encephalitis, Japanese, Vaccines, Attenuated, Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines, Antibodies, Viral, Vaccination, Prospective Studies, Cross Reactions, Immunity, Cellular, Adult, India, Female, Male, Interferon-gamma, Young Adult, Antibodies, Neutralizing